SQL的四種類型DDL/DML/DCL/TCL

SQL Command有四大類型，各是DDL/DML/DCL/TCL。

DDL (Data Definition Language) 
CREATE - to create objects in the database 
ALTER - alters the structure of the database 
DROP - delete objects from the database 
TRUNCATE - remove all records from a table, including all spaces allocated for the records are removed 
COMMENT - add comments to the data dictionary 
RENAME - rename an object

DML (Data Manipulation Language)
SELECT - retrieve data from the a database  (也有說select是DRL: Data Retrieval Language)
INSERT - insert data into a table 
UPDATE - updates existing data within a table 
DELETE - deletes all records from a table, the space for the records remain 
MERGE - UPSERT operation (insert or update) 
CALL - call a PL/SQL or Java subprogram 
EXPLAIN PLAN - explain access path to data 
LOCK TABLE - control concurrency

DCL (Data Control Language)
GRANT - gives user's access privileges to database 
REVOKE - withdraw access privileges given with the GRANT command

TCL (Transaction Control Language)
COMMIT - save work done 
SAVEPOINT - identify a point in a transaction to which you can later roll back 
ROLLBACK - restore database to original since the last COMMIT 
SET TRANSACTION - Change transaction options like isolation level and what rollback segment to use 

參考來源: http://www.xpode.com/ShowArticle.aspx?Articleid=156

SQL Statement	Syntax
AND / OR	SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE condition AND|OR condition
ALTER TABLE	ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name datatype or ALTER TABLE table_name DROP COLUMN column_name
AS (alias)	SELECT column_name AS column_alias FROM table_name or SELECT column_name FROM table_name  AS table_alias
BETWEEN	SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE column_name BETWEEN value1 AND value2
CREATE DATABASE	CREATE DATABASE database_name character set utf8 collate utf8_general_ci
CREATE TABLE	CREATE TABLE table_name ( column_name1 data_type, column_name2 data_type, column_name2 data_type, ... )
CREATE INDEX	CREATE INDEX index_name ON table_name (column_name) or CREATE UNIQUE INDEX index_name ON table_name (column_name)
CREATE VIEW	CREATE VIEW view_name AS SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE condition
DELETE	DELETE FROM table_name WHERE some_column=some_value or DELETE FROM table_name (Note: Deletes the entire table!!) DELETE * FROM table_name (Note: Deletes the entire table!!)
DROP DATABASE	DROP DATABASE database_name
DROP INDEX	DROP INDEX table_name.index_name (SQL Server) DROP INDEX index_name ON table_name (MS Access) DROP INDEX index_name (DB2/Oracle) ALTER TABLE table_name DROP INDEX index_name (MySQL)
DROP TABLE	DROP TABLE table_name
EXISTS	IF EXISTS (SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE id = ?) BEGIN --do what needs to be done if exists END ELSE BEGIN --do what needs to be done if not END
GROUP BY	SELECT column_name, aggregate_function(column_name) FROM table_name WHERE column_name operator value GROUP BY column_name
HAVING	SELECT column_name, aggregate_function(column_name) FROM table_name WHERE column_name operator value GROUP BY column_name HAVING aggregate_function(column_name) operator value
IN	SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE column_name IN (value1,value2,..)
INSERT INTO	INSERT INTO table_name VALUES (value1, value2, value3,....) or INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, column3,...) VALUES (value1, value2, value3,....) or INSERT INTO table2 (column_name(s)) SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1;
INNER JOIN	SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name1 INNER JOIN table_name2 ON table_name1.column_name=table_name2.column_name
LEFT JOIN	SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name1 LEFT JOIN table_name2 ON table_name1.column_name=table_name2.column_name
RIGHT JOIN	SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name1 RIGHT JOIN table_name2 ON table_name1.column_name=table_name2.column_name
FULL JOIN	SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name1 FULL JOIN table_name2 ON table_name1.column_name=table_name2.column_name
LIKE	SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE column_name LIKE pattern SELECT * FROM Store_Information WHERE store_name LIKE '%AN%';
ORDER BY	SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name ORDER BY column_name [ASC|DESC]
SELECT	SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name
SELECT *	SELECT * FROM table_name
SELECT DISTINCT	SELECT DISTINCT column_name(s) FROM table_name
SELECT INTO	SELECT * INTO new_table_name [IN externaldatabase] FROM old_table_name or SELECT column_name(s) INTO new_table_name [IN externaldatabase] FROM old_table_name
SELECT TOP	SELECT TOP number|percent column_name(s) FROM table_name
TRUNCATE TABLE	TRUNCATE TABLE table_name
UNION	SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name1 UNION SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name2
UNION ALL	SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name1 UNION ALL SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name2
UPDATE	UPDATE table_name SET column1=value, column2=value,... WHERE some_column=some_value
WHERE	SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE column_name operator value

參考來源 http://www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_quickref.asp